History of Chemistry

The genesis of chemistry can be traced to the widely observed phenomenon of burning that led to metallurgy- the art and science
of processing ores to get metals (e.g. metallurgy in ancient India). The greed for gold led to the discovery of the process for
its purification, even though, the underlying principles were not well understood -- it was thought to be a transformation rather
than purification. Many scholars in those days thought it reasonable to believe that there exist means for transforming cheaper
(base) metals into gold. This gave way to alchemy, and the search for the Philosopher's Stone, which was believed to bring about
such a transformation by mere touch.[10]

Some consider medieval Muslims to be the earliest chemists, who introduced precise observation and controlled experimentation into
the field, and discovered numerous chemical substances.[11] The most influential Muslim chemists were Geber (d. 815), al-Kindi (d. 873),
al-Razi (d. 925), and al-Biruni (d. 1048).[12] The works of Geber became more widely known in Europe through Latin translations by a
pseudo-Geber in 14th century Spain, who also wrote some of his own books under the pen name "Geber". The contribution of Indian alchemists
and metallurgists in the development of chemistry was also quite significant.[13]

The emergence of chemistry in Europe was primarily due to the recurrent incidence of the plague and blights there during the so called Dark Ages.
This gave rise to a need for medicines. It was thought that there exists a universal medicine called the Elixir of Life that can cure all diseases,
but like the Philosopher's Stone, it was never found.

For some practitioners, alchemy was an intellectual pursuit, over time, they got better at it. Paracelsus (1493-1541), for example, rejected
the 4-elemental theory and with only a vague understanding of his chemicals and medicines, formed a hybrid of alchemy and science in what was
to be called iatrochemistry. Similarly, the influences of philosophers such as Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) and René Descartes (1596-1650),
who demanded more rigor in mathematics and in removing bias from scientific observations, led to a scientific revolution. In chemistry, this
began with Robert Boyle (1627-1691), who came up with an equations known as the Boyle's Law about the characteristics of gaseous state.[14]
Chemistry indeed came of age when Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794), developed the theory of Conservation of mass in 1783; and the development of
the Atomic Theory by John Dalton around 1800. The Law of Conservation of Mass resulted in the reformulation of chemistry based on this law and
the oxygen theory of combustion, which was largely based on the work of Lavoisier. Lavoisier's fundamental contributions to chemistry were a
result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory. He established the consistent use of the chemical
balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature and made contribution to the modern
metric system. Lavoisier also worked to translate the archaic and technical language of chemistry into something that could be easily understood
by the largely uneducated masses, leading to an increased public interest in chemistry. All these advances in chemistry led to what is usually
called the chemical revolution. The contributions of Lavoisier led to what is now called modern chemistry - the chemistry that is studied in
educational institutions all over the world. It is because of these and other contributions that Antoine Lavoisier is often celebrated as the
"Father of Modern Chemistry". The later discovery of Friedrich Wöhler that many natural substances, organic compounds, can indeed be synthesized
in a chemistry laboratory also helped the modern chemistry to mature from its infancy.

The discoveries of the chemical elements has a long history from the days of alchemy and culminating in the creation of the periodic table of the
chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907)[15] and later discoveries of some synthetic elements.